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Common Restoration Considerations Some special considerations must be taken into account, depending on your site and project. Table 5 lists some common considerations, which are also explained individually below. Planting Prescriptions Planting trees, shrubs, or grasses is part of many restoration projects.
It is important to consider the timing of planting, type of planting stock, and hazards to the planted stock, such as drought or disturbance by animals. The specific timing of planting will depend on your region, but it is generally in spring or fall, when there is enough moisture to allow the plants to establish.
In particularly vulnerable areas, irrigation, though expensive, may be the only way of ensuring survival through the summer months. Choosing the right type and size of plant stock is important to help ensure the plant's survival.
Local plant stock should be used whenever possible, because it may have attributes that will help it survive better. Using local stock is easiest when the project involves using deciduous cuttings or "whips" e. Local native vegetation is rarely available in quantity from nurseries without special ordering, thus it may take advance planning to collect and grow local trees, shrubs and herbs, something your local nursery can do if given enough notice.
Generally, a lead time of two or three years will be required to collect seed and grow the plants to sufficient size. If you are time-limited and wish to purchase standard trees from a nursery, you will usually obtain different stock than would exist in your area, though controls exist in BC to ensure that tree seedlings are ecologically appropriate for the general region. In general, the largest possible tree stock should be used, in order to maximize survival and minimize maintenance. Dave Polster Contracting with a nursery to grow the plants you need is an effective way of ensuring the right materials are available.
On barren, disturbed sites where erosion control is the objective, you may decide to seed grasses and legumes for quick ground cover.
However, native grass seed mixes are not commercially available at present, though several projects are underway to improve this situation. Restorationists should be on the lookout for native seed options as they develop.
Another consideration for grass seeding is the avoidance of dense, sod-forming species in the wetter zones of the province. Dense grass sod can out-compete planted trees, exclude later seral species from establishing, and harbour rodent populations that will girdle trees.
Your seed supplier will be able to exclude or balance the sod-forming species in your seed mix, upon request. Once the trees or shrubs are planted, you often need to protect them from animals. You'll need to make inquiries about the risk of animal damage in your area, and monitor your planted stock closely to make sure you are not simply providing animal food. Deer browsing is a big problem in most areas, and protective tree covers are commercially available to allow trees to attain heights where deer are less interested in browsing.
Trees planted in grassy areas are prone to girdling from rodents, and rabbits will also girdle trees. If you are planting cuttings near a beaver dam you can expect the beaver to take some, and should think about a fence to exclude the beaver. Trees and shrubs should be planted at densities higher than the final target, to account for mortality due to animals, disease, and drought.
Once trees are well-established, thinning may be necessary in order to establish a tree density appropriate for the site. Invasive Species There are many invasive non-native species, both plant and animal, that are a major restoration concern in British Columbia. Many restoration projects simply attempt to control the invasive species to allow native ecosystems to re-establish.
For example, much effort goes into Scotch broom eradication on eastern Vancouver Island, and knapweed control in the dry interior. Restoration efforts may also open up an area to problem invasive plants by disturbing soil or increasing light availability.
Restorationists must take care to not make the problem worse. Dave Polster The effects of Scotch broom removal on Garry oak communities can be dramatic, as seen in these before left and after right photos taken 5 years apart in the same general area. Invasive exotic species are highly competitive and are difficult to eradicate, as they lack the predator, competitor and disease controls from their native environments.
Many weedy plant species produce large numbers of seeds that can persist in the soil for decades. The long-term presence of these invasive weeds and animals degrades ecosystems through competition, exclusion, and predation on native plants and animals. While eradication of all but the most recent arrivals isn't likely, with vigilance and effort their numbers can be controlled.
In previously forested environments, establishing fast-growing native trees and shrubs will usually shade out the light-requiring exotics. For example, red alder, willow, dogwood, and cottonwood can be used on the coast to shade out problem species like reed canarygrass and blackberry, and re-establishing Douglas-fir forests will eliminate Scotch broom.
In many places in the dry interior the weed problem is severe. Biological controls are used for some of these species, and should form part of a restoration program in areas where they can be applied.
Other methods of control are hand-pulling, mowing, or in special cases, using herbicides. Dave Polster Mowing can be an effective strategy for control of some unwanted invasive plants as it can remove the seed portion of the plant, impeding the plant's ability to propagate.
Information on managing invasive plant species may be obtained from a variety of resource agencies as well as private groups such as the Cattleman's Association.
Information on control of some specific invasive species can be obtained from researchers at universities as well as Ministry of Forests research stations throughout the province. Chapter 2: Road Layout. Chapter 5: Road Construction. Chapter 7: Road Deactivation.
Index of Appendices. PDF Version. District roads - permitting requirements. Forest Service Road standards and guidelines. Radio communications. Guidance for oil and gas activities. Climate change adaptation. Establish this vegetative cover to protect and hold soil by: decreasing the erosive effects of rain drop impact on soil particles; decreasing runoff velocity and volumes; and promoting water infiltration into the soil.
Other soil erosion control techniques include, but are not limited to, the following: confinement of sensitive operations to periods of dry weather and selection of equipment that will create the least disturbance; compliance with local rainfall shutdown guidelines; temporary diversion or impoundment of stream flow using diversion ditches and berms to reduce the exposure of disturbed soil to flowing water during stream-crossing structure construction, or construction of rock-lined ditches or channels to provide a durable erosion-resistant surface; and installation of rock, straw bale, or sand bag check dams across a defined ditch or channel, or placement of riprap on a slope, to reduce water velocity and scour potential.
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