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Andersson K, Werdelin L The evolution of cursorial carnivores in the Tertiary: implications of elbow-joint morphology. Google Scholar. Athen K Biostatistical investigation of long bones and metapodial bones of Ursus spelaeus and Ursus deningeri. J Mammal Evol — Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. Bocherens H, Fizet M, Mariotti A Diet, physiology and ecology of fossil mammals as inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry: implications for Pleistocene bears.

Davis DD The giant panda: a morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms. Mamm Species Palaeontogr Afr — Elton S Forty years on and still going strong: the use of hominin-cercopithecid comparisons in palaeoanthropology. A case study in musteloid carnivorans. Nature Communications Gittleman JL Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates. Oecologia — Janis CM, Figueirido B Forelimb anatomy and the discrimination of the predatory behavior of carnivorous mammals: the thylacine as a case study.

Kappelman J Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat. J Morphol — Klingenberg CP MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. J Archaeol Sci — BMC Evol Biol Columbia University Press, New York. PLoS One 9:e Meloro C a Locomotor adaptations in Plio-Pleistocene large carnivores from the Italian Peninsula: palaeoecological implications.

Current Zoology — Meloro C b Feeding habits of Plio-Pleistocene large carnivores as revealed by the mandibular geometry. Meloro C, Louys J Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages. Biol Lett Ortolani A, Caro TM The adaptive significance of color patterns in carnivores: phylogenetic tests of classic hypotheses. Comstock, Ithaca, pp — Plummer TW, Bishop LC, Hertel F Habitat preference of extant African bovids based on astragalus morphology: operationalizing ecomorphology for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction.

Prevosti FJ, Martin FM Paleoecology of the mammalian predator guild of southern Patagonia during the latest Pleistocene: ecomorphology, stable isotopes, and taphonomy. Acta Palaeontol Pol — Der Zoologische Garten — Rohlf FJ The tps series of software. Schutz H, Guralnik RP Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans. J Paleontol — Sorkin B Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs Amphicyon and Ischyrocyon.

Stefen C Enamel structure of arctoid carnivora: Amphicyonidae, ursidae, procyonidae, and mustelidae. Procyonidae, Carnivora : ecomorphological interpretation in the context of carnivorans. Van Valkenburgh B Skeletal indicators of locomotor behavior in living and extinct carnivores.

J Vertebr Paleontol — Viranta, S. Limb bone proportions and body mass of the cave bear Ursus spelaeus. Download references. We also want to express our gratitude to museum curators for their support and care during our access to museum collections: P. Jenkins, L. Tomsett, R. Portela-Miguez, D. Hills, A. Salvador, R. Sabin, P. Brewer, and S. Parker from World Museum Liverpool ; G. Billet, A. Blin, and G. John Wible and two anonymous reviewers kindly provided important insights to improve the quality of this manuscript.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Carlo Meloro. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Reprints and Permissions. Meloro, C. J Mammal Evol 26, — Download citation.

Published : 09 November Issue Date : 15 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Download PDF. Abstract Bears are currently represented by eight species among Carnivora. Introduction The postcranial skeleton presents functional adaptations that can be used in ecomorphological studies.

Size and Shape Data Seventy-four humeral epiphyses of extant and fossil specimens belonging to eleven species Table 1 ; Table S 1 were included in a two dimensional geometric morphometric analysis. Full size image. Table 4 Loadings of different discriminant function vectors based on natural log transformed centroid size and a selection of Procrustes coordinates being a bi-dimensional system they are divided into X and Y after stepwise procedure Full size table.

Table 5 Percentage of classified cases for each ecological category after performing leave one out procedure on discriminant function models based on natural log centroid size and procrustes coordinates as independent variables selected with stepwise procedure Full size table. Table 6 Locomotory and habitat categorical predictions for fossil bears based on a different number of DFA models Full size table.

Discussion The elbow joint of bears is no exception among Carnivora for being a bony element that brings insights into taxonomy, locomotion, and habitat adaptation. Latest Press Releases. Press Releases. Future Processing — great software because we put people first press release. Mazars global study reveals most businesses are overconfident about their level of data maturity press release. Kaufland Romania partners with. Why Romania. Real Estate. P Atlantic Poiana Brasov, the heavenly hotel for the winter sports lovers.

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